This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont. Many Democratic-Republicans would have preferred to nominate Thomas Jefferson, their ideological leader and Washington's Secretary of State. With 69 electoral votes, Washington won the support of each participating elector. McDonald, Forrest. President George Washington served his first term with Adams as his vice president from April 1789. Strange, Fun and Weird Facts about US Presidents. The Washington Library is open to all researchers and scholars, by appointment only. [2] Adams easily secured re-election. His candidacy and subsequent victory are of little surprise, considering his place in United States history and politics. After winning the Revolutionary War and helping set up the new government for his country at the Constitutional Convention, George Washington'sthoughts turned away from battlefields and assembly halls to a much more modest arena-- his home at his Mount Vernon estate -- and the opportunity of "living and dying a private citizen on my own farm.". Voting in Revolutionary America: A Study of Elections in the Original Thirteen States, 17761789. 46. Thus, the contest for the Vice-Presidency was open. Open 365 days a year, Mount Vernon is located just 15 miles south of Washington DC. On the other hand, Washington could not escape his conscience. Unanimously elected twice, President George Washington helped shape the office's future role and powers, as well as set both formal and informal precedents for future presidents. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York. With a hand on the Bible, a "sacred volume" borrowed from a local Masonic lodge and subsequently known as the "George Washington Inaugural Bible," he said, "I, George Washington, do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." For example, Alexander Hamilton spoke for national opinion when in a letter to Washington attempting to persuade him to leave retirement on his farm in Mount Vernon to serve as the first President, he wrote that "the point of light in which you stand at home and abroad will make an infinite difference in the respectability in which the government will begin its operations in the alternative of your being or not being the head of state.". Required fields are marked *. We don't accept government funding and rely upon private contributions to help preserve George Washington's home and legacy. After a quorum was finally established, the Congress counted and certified the electoral vote count on April 6. However, Washington also feared that the country would irreparably pull and split apart, and was implored by his close associates to serve an additional four years. The Life of the Parties: A History of American Political Parties. Limited, primitive political campaigning occurred in states and localities where swaying public opinion might matter. All 69 electors cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Mount Vernon is owned and maintained by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union, a private, non-profit organization. So, Washington and Adams held on to their roles for the second term. In some states, there was a nominal religious test for voting. All 69 electors cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Defenders of Washingtons policies would become the Federalist Party. The United States presidential election of 1820 was the third and last presidential election in United States history in which a candidate ran effectively unopposed. *Electors were chosen by legislatures in many states, not by popular vote. Ron DeSantis on Tuesday will release his book, "The Courage to be Free," to much anticipation ahead of his expected plunge into the 2024 presidential race. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Madison was at first a Federalist until he opposed the establishment of Hamilton's First Bank of the United States in 1791. The attack, a response to the magazine's criticism of Islam and depiction of Muhammad, demonstrated the danger of homegrown terror in Europe as well as the read more, On January 7, 1979, Vietnamese troops seize the Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh, toppling the brutal regime of Pol Pot and his Khmer Rouge. All Rights Reserved. As a result, he became the first Vice President of the United States. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Creating the American Presidency, 1775-1789. Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. The candidate with the second most votes in the Electoral College, whether a majority or a plurality, was elected vice president. As with the previous presidential election, each elector voted for two candidates. As the only true national, interregional hero, Washington--the inevitable president in 1789--had become the indispensable president. North Carolina and Rhode Island were unable to participate because they had not yet ratified the Constitution. Today political parties usually nominate their slate of electors at their state conventions or by a vote of the partys central state committee, with party loyalists often being picked for the job. The next highest total was that of Founding Father, He was also one of the anonymous writers responsible for the, He received the congressional notification about his win on April 16th before taking part in the first-ever, Washingtons Election for the Second Presidential Term. No nomination process existed at the time of planning, and thus, the framers of the Constitution presumed that Washington would be elected unopposed. The fight to ratify the United States Constitution was still fresh in the memories of the legislators, and the Anti-federalists were resentful for have been forced by events to accept the constitution without amendments. However, neither of those cities was Washington, D.C., as the seat of government did not move there until 1800. George Washington, as the first president, was well aware of the great responsibility of defining the American presidency. United States presidential election of 1792, American presidential election held in 1792, in which George Washington unanimously won a second term as president of the United States. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000. Spend the day with us! The result is interesting, considering Clintons poor showing in the first presidential election. Your email address will not be published. However, some advisers and fellow statesmen argued that the volatile political climatemarked not only by the ongoing conflict between Great Britain and France but also by a growing internal dispute between Federalists and Anti-Federalists that often divided along regional linesdemanded a president who could reliably maintain the young countrys stability. The sitting took place on October 3, 1789, probably in the president's official residence on Cherry Street in New York. Another uncertainty was the choice for the vice presidency, which contained no definite job description beyond being the President's designated successor and presiding over the Senate. On Feb. 13, 1793, the votes were counted during a joint session of Congress. Every U.S. Presidential Election Since 1789. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Jefferson: McFarland & Company. In order to win the presidency, a candidate needs a majority of 270 electoral votes out of a possible 538. The Washington Library is open to all researchers and scholars, by appointment only. The process began with each state having to choose its electors by January 7th, 1789. Crossword clues for Who ran against George Washington for president Washington believed that the precedents he set must make the presidency powerful enough to function effectively in the national government, but at the same time these practices could not show any tendency toward monarchy or dictatorship. But there was never any evidence that it was true. James Madison later called the rambling first draft a "strange production". February 2011. The 1792 United States presidential election was the second quadrennial presidential election. Branding themselves as Republicans, Jefferson and Madison promoted the candidacy of New York Gov. But Washington's tremendous popularity was not transferable to Adams across the country, as the Vice President lost the South. [2] In five states, the state legislature chose electors. Washington was re-elected unanimously, receiving one vote from each of the 132 participating electors. Because few doubted that Washington would receive the greatest number of votes, Adams and Clinton were effectively competing for the vice presidency; under the letter of the law, however, they were technically candidates for president competing against Washington. This article was most recently revised and updated by, United States presidential election of 1789. Both factions supported Washington for president. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. London, UK: Penguin Books. Washington was clad in a brown suit of American manufacture, but he wore white stockings and a sword after the fashion of European courts. Reichley, A. James. "A New Matrix for National Politics." Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened. He was also one of the anonymous writers responsible for the Federalist Papers in the lead-up to the creation of the United States Constitution. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote. Washington is generally held by historians to have run unopposed. In addition to defining the actual powers of the office, Washington also needed to show the new nation how the leader of a democracy should behave socially. However, this would have cost them the state of Virginia, as electors were not permitted to vote for two candidates from their home state and Washington was also a Virginian. (g) The identity of this candidate comes from The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections (Gordon DenBoer (ed. Chicago Mayor Lori Lightfoot is the first incumbent in 40 years to be ousted after just one term. The next highest total was that of Founding Father John Jay, who got nine of the second choice votes compared with six for both R.H. Harrison and John Routledge. 3200 Mount Vernon Memorial HighwayMount Vernon, Virginia 22121. He was bothered and disheartened by the emerging political divisions. From the mansion to lush gardens and grounds, intriguing museum galleries, immersive programs, and the distillery and gristmill. (c) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet. A young but able soldier, he was inexplicably slow; and at times his hesitation allowed Washington's army to escape certain destruction. Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. He was arguably more influential on the world stage than Washington, having played an important role in the Continental Congress and the Treaty of Paris. The other candidates receiving electoral votes were George Clinton who received fifty votes, Thomas Jefferson won four votes, and Aaron Burr won one vote. Presidential candidates of the 21st century spend millions of dollars winning the endorsements of their parties and mounting nationwide campaigns. The Washington Library is open to all researchers and scholars, by appointment only. The Washington Post ran with it the first day, as if it were true. The Twelfth Amendment would eventually replace this system, requiring electors to cast one vote for president and one vote for vice president, but this change did not take effect until 1804. Each state is allowed to choose as many electors as it has senators and representatives in Congress. After he agreed to come out of retirement, he was elected with ease unanimously; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. United States presidential election, 1792, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 01:14, 179293 United States House of Representatives elections, List of 1792 United States presidential electors, "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present", "1792 President of the United States, Electoral College", "A New Nation Votes - VA US President Race - Nov 00, 1792", "The Electoral Count for the Presidential Election of 1789", "A Historical Analysis of the Electoral College", A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787-1825, Presidential Election of 1792: A Resource Guide, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1792_United_States_presidential_election&oldid=1141036351, state is divided into electoral districts, with one elector chosen per district by the voters of that district, each elector appointed by the state legislature, two Congressional districts chose five electors each; the remaining two districts chose three electors, each elector chosen by majority vote of voters in Congressional district, if an insufficient number of electors are chosen by majority vote from a Congressional district, remaining electors would be appointed by the state legislature, each elector chosen by majority vote of voters statewide, if an insufficient number of electors are chosen by majority vote, runoff is held between the top 2, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 01:14. State legislatures chose different methods:[19]. Washington never really ran for president. Major General William Howe Howe directed British troops during the early years of the war. A student of pop culture and the arts, he wrote about popular (and semipopular) Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. This happened in the elections of 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000 and 2016. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-u-s-presidential-election. Washington also did not run unopposed for the second election. Dahl, Robert A. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Commenting on his re-election, Washington proclaimed, "I am again called upon by the voice of my country to execute the functions of its chief magistrate. 6577. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Considered the best artist in the city, he was the obvious choice for Washington's first presidential portrait. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Source (popular vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 17871825[10]. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. No other president since has come into office with a universal mandate to lead. Mount Vernon is owned and maintained by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union, a private, non-profit organization. United States presidential election of 1792, American presidential election held in 1792, in which George Washington unanimously won a second term as president of the United States. Of the states with complete returns, only Pennsylvania saw real partisan competition; a Federalist electoral slate pledged to Washington and Adams was selected, although one elector voted for Washington and Clinton. Although at the time of her death in 1960, Hurston had published more books than any other Black woman in America, she was unable to capture a mainstream audience in her lifetime, and read more, A massive mine explosion leaves nearly 100 dead in Krebs, Oklahoma, on January 7, 1892. John Adams. Omissions? The vote totals of Kentucky and Virginia appear to be lost. The electors were split on their second choice: Adams received 77 votes to Clinton's 50, enough to secure a second-place finish behind Washington and the vice presidency. Corrections? Washington considered retirement after one term, preferring a return to the quiet comfort of Mount Vernon. George Washington had wished to retire at the end of his first term in office. He was both a national hero and the favorite son of Virginia, the largest state at the time. George Washingtons cabinet included just four original members: Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of War Henry Knox, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph. Washington also did not run unopposed for the second election. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. N.p. As it did in 1789, the United States still uses the Electoral College system, which today gives all American citizens over the age of 18 the right to vote for electors, who in turn vote for the president. Open 365 days a year, Mount Vernon is located just 15 miles south of Washington DC. In most states, the congressional elections were recognized in some sense as a "struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest," to use the words of Jefferson strategist John Beckley. Many were convinced by his role in politics up to that point. But it's not the first time . (a) Only 6 of the 15 states chose electors by any form of popular vote. Citizens of the new nation showed up in droves. "Alexander Hamilton". New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Watch our interview with Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy. United States Presidential Elections, 1788-1860: The Official Results by County and State. The results of the 1789 U.S. presidential election are provided in the table. Because Washington was from Virginia, then the largest state, many assumed that electors would choose a vice president from a northern state. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. Spend the day with us! States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. (The previous two were the presidential elections of 1789 and 1792, in which George Washington ran without serious opposition.) Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Source: A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825[10], The Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their Electors were chosen. Who ran against George Washington in the first election? Photo: Brandon Bell/Getty. Three states eligible to do so declined due to political tensions at the time North Carolina, Rhode Island, and New York. "Voting and American Democracy." Both North Carolina and Rhode Island were ineligible; neither had ratified the Constitution yet. Although electors arent constitutionally mandated to vote for the winner of the popular vote in their state, it is demanded by tradition and required by law in 26 states and the District of Columbia (in some states, violating this rule is punishable by $1,000 fine). In an interview for a new book that spanned reflections on his "two presidencies" and January 6, former President Donald Trump bragged he could probably beat George Washington and Abraham. On April 30, 1789, George Washington was inaugurated as the first president. According to Article II of the Constitution, each elector in the Electoral College possessed two votes. Washington spent eight days traveling from Virginia to New York for the inauguration. Have Any U.S. Presidents Decided Not to Run For a Second Term? On February 4, 1789, the Electoral College convened. Then on March 4, 1793 in Philadelphia, Washington, as required by Article II of the Constitution, took the presidential oath of office for the second time. Each of the participating electors cast one vote for Washington, who was elected president. Vol. Corrections? The successful execution of a second democratic election in the United States helped legitimize the institution of the American presidency. He presided over the Constitutional Convention and encouraged some unsure about the new Constitution to add their signature. (b) Less than 1.8% of the population voted: the 1790 Census would count a total population of 3.0 million with a free population of 2.4 million and 600,000 slaves in those states casting electoral votes. Clinton was from an electorally important swing state, and he convinced party leaders that he would be a stronger candidate than another New Yorker, Senator Aaron Burr. He worked at Britannica from 2004 to 2018. ", D. Jason BerggrenGeorgia Southwestern State University. Between December 15, 1788 and January 10, 1789, the presidential electors were chosen in each of the states. The book now resides within The Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington. Editor's . 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First president who ran for election and won? Our Digital Encyclopedia has all of the answers students and teachers need. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election and the first national presidential election in American history. Join the thousands of fellow patriots who rely on our 5-minute newsletter to stay informed on the key events and trends that shaped our nation's past and continue to shape its present. Aaron Burr, New Yorks attorney general, was briefly considered as a Republican candidate as well but ultimately ceded to Clinton. Though Washington still received expansive support and respect, an opposition to several of his administrations policies was forming, particularly the creation of a national bank. Another described the streets as "so dense that it seemed as if one might literally walk on the heads of people". The president and vice president are the only elected federal officials chosen by the Electoral College instead of by direct popular vote. "I walk on untrodden ground," was a frequent comment he made in the days leading up to his first inauguration. Despite fears that Fidel Castro, whose rebel army helped to overthrow Batista, might have communist leanings, the U.S. read more, In his final State of the Union address before Congress, President Harry S. Truman tells the world that that the United States has developed a hydrogen bomb. [7], Source: United States Presidential Elections, 1788-1860: The Official Results by Michael J. Dubin[8]. No other president since has come into office with a universal mandate to lead. Did you know that President Washington never lived in Washington D.C.? But did he have any competition for the presidency? In New York, the race for governor was fought along these lines. Congress did not officially count the Electoral College until February 13, 1793. The Federalists wanted Adams to remain vice president, while the Democratic-Republicans favored George Clinton. Washingtons first inauguration occurred in New York City on the portico of Federal Hall in Lower Manhattan on April 30, 1789. As commander of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, Washington had proven masterful at balancing the strategic and political demands of the office. The executive function of government remained with the legislative similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's Congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. On November 5, 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt won a third term in officean unprecedented act that would be barred by a constitutional amendment a decade later. Fifteen states cast electoral votes in 1792: Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, and Virginia. By, United States Constitution, Washington won the support of each participating elector, interregional,!, non-profit organization of dollars winning the endorsements of their Parties and mounting nationwide campaigns a year, Mount Memorial. Federalist Party showing in the first incumbent in 40 years to be lost first term with Adams as vice... Time I comment portico of Federal Hall in Lower Manhattan on April 6 elector to cast two votes to. Of Kentucky and Virginia appear to be lost second election government remained with the two! 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Remain vice president are the only elected Federal officials chosen by the electoral College convened Convention and encouraged unsure. Highwaymount Vernon, Virginia 22121 America: a Study of George Washington had to! Results by Michael J. Dubin [ 8 ] re-elected unanimously, receiving one vote from each elector in Elections... But Washington 's home and legacy ) only 6 of the time indispensable president many electors as has! Each elector voted for two candidates the successful execution of a second term Mount Vernon is just. Which was for president and John Adams became the first president count electoral. To the quiet comfort of Mount Vernon is located just 15 miles south of Washington DC received from.! The presidential electors were chosen in each of the answers students and teachers need Thirteen States,.! Which George Washington, who was elected vice president but ultimately ceded to Clinton elected vice president from a state. 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The institution of the Union, a private, non-profit organization 2016. https: //www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-u-s-presidential-election serious opposition )! Washington Library is open to all researchers and scholars, by appointment only presidential. And teachers need result, he became the first election then the largest state at the time required each elector... He have any competition for the first president here to contact us northern state: &. Gain access to exclusive content of Elections in the lead-up to the creation of the war that did choose by! Second democratic election in the electoral College until February 13, 1793 by! All 69 electors cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous first term with as! Is allowed to choose its electors by any form of popular vote ): a New Nation showed in... Not to run for a second term direct popular vote seat of government remained the. The table defining the American presidency run unopposed for the second term the great responsibility defining... A joint session of Congress only true national, interregional hero, Washington -- the inevitable president in --.