Note that the duration is in milliseconds. Keep in mind that the reason this exists is to cache data, and not behavior. } But if you need to use values in the response headers - they will be in a variable named responseHeaders. Using locators in Karate UI Web Automation There are various ways we can locate an element in Karate. driver.getTitle() becomes driver.title. When the level is DEBUG the entire request and response payloads are logged. In some cases, for large payloads and especially when the default system encoding is not UTF-8 (Windows or non-US locales), you may run into issues where a java.io.ByteArrayInputStream is encountered instead of a string. Since multiple values are supported, you can also do this: A little-known capability of the Cucumber / Gherkin syntax is to be able to tag even specific rows in a bunch of examples ! predicate marker to validate that the value of totalPrice is always equal to the roomPrice of the first item in the roomInformation array. This example is for Windows, and you can provide the app, appArguments and other parameters expected by the WinAppDriver via the webDriverSession. } Refer to the documentation on type-conversion to make sure you can unpack data returned from Karate correctly, especially when dealing with XML. You can use karate.callSingle() directly in a *.feature file, but it logically fits better in the global bootstrap. deleted: false Since Karate combines API testing capabilities, you can sign-in to your SSO store via a REST end-point, and then drop cookies onto the browser so that you can bypass the user log-in experience. The above example does not use shared scope, which means that the variables in the calling (parent) feature are not shared by the called my-signin.feature. Note how we can even serve an image with the right Content-Type header. Allowed keystore types are as described in the. For more details check this link- Embedded Expression. Also look at the section on commonly needed utilities for more ideas. This is what is normally expected and simulates a web-browser - which makes it easy to script things like HTML-form based authentication into test-flows. The rest can also be used even in primitive data matches like so: If two cross-hatch # symbols are used as the prefix (for example: ##number), it means that the key is optional or that the value can be null. Note how Karates match syntax comes in handy. A Karate test script has the file extension .feature which is the standard followed by Cucumber. GET Example 2: In the Given section we are using path/query parameter. Top 45+ API Testing Interview Questions and Answers, Generate Random Number and String in Java, How To Upload Files Using AutoIt In Selenium | How To Handle Windows Pop Up Using AutoIt, 5 Different Ways of Swap Two Numbers in Java, Program to Find Duplicate Characters in a string in Java, Perquisites and Setup for Karate Framework, Karate- Headers, Path and Query Parameters. Another example for a popular Maven reporting plugin that is compatible with Karate JSON is Cluecumber. None of the examples in the documentation use the $varName form on the LHS, and this is the recommended best-practice. For an example of how JavaScript looks like on the Karate side see Function Composition. In some rare cases you need to exit a Scenario based on some condition. Normally we recommend that you keep your re-usable features lightweight - by limiting them to just one Scenario. ] _ > 0'. It will create a Karate report under Karate Project > target > Karate report > karate-summary.html, Step 4: Create a TestRunner.java class under src/test/java. This results in easily understandable one-liners, only at the point of need, and to anyone reading the test - it will be clear as to where extra waits have been applied. {2}', id: '#uuid' }, # convenient (and recommended) way to check for array length, # here we enclose in round-brackets to preserve the optional embedded expression, # so that it can be used later in a "match", """ And it is worth mentioning that the Karate configuration bootstrap routine is itself a JavaScript function. With the formalities out of the way, lets dive straight into the syntax. var results = scriptAll('.js-tree-browser-result-path', '_.innerText'); But when you use the visible text-content, for example the text within a or hyperlink (), performing a selection can be far easier. So if you return complex objects such as a custom Java instance or a JS function that depends on complex objects, this may cause issues when you run in parallel. Given the examples above, it has to be said that a best practice with Karate is to avoid JavaScript for loops as far as possible. You can replace the values of com.mycompany and myproject as per your needs. Keep in mind that these are tests (not production code) and this config is going to be maintained more by the dev or QE team instead of the ops or operations team. { Even though Wikipedia says "web-API", it can do web UI . To do that, add the following: And then the above command in Gradle would look like: The recommended way to define and run test-suites and reporting in Karate is to use the parallel runner, described in the next section. Given this custom, user-defined Java class: This is how it can be called from a test-script via JavaScript, and yes, even static methods can be invoked: Note that JSON gets auto-converted to Map (or List) when making the cross-over to Java. The argument can be provided after the function name, without parentheses, which makes things slightly more readable (and less cluttered) especially when the solitary argument is JSON. You can change the com.intuit.karate logger level to INFO to reduce the amount of logging. returns the operating system details as JSON, for e.g. Refer to the section on dynamic port numbers for an example. In real-life flows, you may need to pass cookies from the browser to the Karate HTTP client, so that you can simulate any flows needed after this step. Most of the time you will prefer the short-cut boolean-expression form that begins with an underscore (or !), and Karate will inject the JavaScript DOM element reference into a variable named _. One very convenient aspect of configure driverTarget is that if in-scope, it will over-ride any configure driver directives that exist. { When you use Karate, all your data assertions can be done in pure JSON and without needing a thick forest of companion Java objects. Now we will create a scenario in feature file. So it is recommended that you directly use a Java Function when possible instead of using the karate.toJava() wrapper as shown above. This turns out to be very useful in practice, and this particular match jsonArray contains '#(^partialObject)' form has no in-line equivalent (see the third-from-last row above). Can be expressions that will be evaluated. countryId: '#number', The .graphql and .gql extensions are also recognized (for GraphQL) but are handled the same way as .txt and treated as a string. Being able to define and re-use JavaScript functions is a powerful capability of Karate. Assuming the above code is in a file called my-headers.js, the next section on calling other feature files shows how it looks like in action at the beginning of a test script. Job specializations: IT/Tech. For example, it offers API testing, API testing doubles, and API performance testing all in one framework. for simulating check-boxes and multi-selects): You can also dynamically set multiple fields in one step using the form fields keyword. You can find more JSON examples here: js-arrays.feature. The syntax is easy to understand by non-programmers. The first option using shared scope should be fine for most projects, but if you want to name space your functions, use isolated scope: You can even move commonly used routines into karate-config.js which means that they become global. To signal the end of the data, just return null. return sdf.format(date); This means that you cannot use any Karate JS objects or API-s such as karate.get() or driver.title. 2 If you want to pass a clone to a called feature, you can do so using the rarely used copy keyword that works very similar to type conversion. if so, is the configured value a JavaScript function ? Format of the keyStore file. name: Smith Other options are the quickstart or the standalone executable. You can over-ride it by using the header keyword before the method step. Normally in dev mode, you will use your IDE to run a *.feature file directly or via the companion runner JUnit Java class. Here is an example: Rarely used, but when you want to just instantiate an Element instance, typically when you are writing custom re-usable functions, or using an element as a waypoint to access other elements in a large, complex tree. All the methods that return the following Java object types are chain-able. Headers: In this section we can defined additional details of API to process the request. The contents of my-signin.feature are shown below. Also see first.feature and second.feature in the demos. If you really want a long-running flow that combines steps from multiple features, you can make a call to each of them from the single top-level Scenario. * header Authorization = call read('basic-auth.js') { username, # just perform an action, we don't care about saving the result, # do something only if a condition is true, # you can use multiple lines of JavaScript if needed, """ But normally a match statement is preferred unless you want a really descriptive error message. A Java API also exists for those who prefer to programmatically integrate Karates rich automation and data-assertion capabilities. to avoid constant failures due to loading animations), """ So you could have also done something like: Also refer to the configure keyword on how to switch on pretty-printing of all HTTP requests and responses. You will often need to move steps (for e.g. If you use the provided ScenarioRuntime.logger instance in your Target code, any logging you perform will nicely appear in-line with test-steps in the HTML report, which is great for troubleshooting or debugging tests. classpath:, this:, file:) or byte arrays: You may configure the following image comparison options using the configure action: Image comparison engines can also be customized: Best practice is to stick to using only def unless there is a very good reason to do otherwise. In Karate - these are typically one-liners. match each can be combined with contains deep so that for each JSON object a deep contains match is performed within nested lists or objects. From a file in the same package. In rare cases you may want to use a csv-file as-is and not auto-convert it to JSON. Note that some capabilities such as headless may be possible via the command-line to the local executable, so using addOptions may work instead. It may be easier for you to use the Karate Maven archetype to create a skeleton project with one command. The Karate Demo has a working example of the recommended parallel-runner set up. EXPR in the table above is an interesting one. The above example can be re-factored in a very elegant way as follows, using Karates native support for JavaScript: The great thing here is that the innnerText() function can be defined in a common feature which all your scripts can re-use. Might be desirable instead of, useful to brute-force all keys and values in a JSON or XML payload to lower-case, useful in some cases, see, functional-style map operation useful to transform list-like objects (e.g. }, They are param, header, cookie, form field and multipart field. Once you have a JSON or XML object, Karate provides multiple ways to manipulate, extract or transform data. 5 This can be a lot simpler than embedded expressions in many cases, and JavaScript programmers will feel right at home. Allowed keystore types are as described in the, if all server certificates should be considered trusted. The answer is no. A URL remains constant until you use the url keyword again, so this is a good place to set-up the non-changing parts of your REST URL-s. A URL can take expressions, so the approach below is legal. To understand how Karate compares to other UI automation frameworks, this article can be a good starting point: The world needs an alternative to Selenium - so we built one. }] It is one of the great tool for API testing. This does the same thing as the timeout key in the driver config - but is designed so that you can change this on the fly, during the flow of a test. 1+ years experience with Jira . The call keyword provides an alternate way of calling JavaScript functions that have only one argument. As a short-cut, when running JsonPath expressions - $ represents the response. This is very useful to filter the results that match a desired condition - typically a text comparison. Get a cookie by name. # but using karate.range() you can even do this ! Since waitFor() returns an Element instance on which you can call chained methods, this can be the pattern you use, which is very convenient and readable: Rarely used - but accepts multiple arguments for those tricky situations where a particular element may or may not be present in the page. While this sounds dangerous and should be used with care (and limits readability), the reason this feature exists is to quickly set (or over-write) a bunch of config variables when needed. }, Get the absolute position and size of an element by locator as follows: The absolute position returns the coordinate from the top left corner of the page. To support all the various options such as Docker, headless Chrome, cloud-providers etc., Karate introduces the concept of a pluggable Target where you just have to implement two methods: start(): The Map returned will be used as the generated driver configuration. But note that you can always escape a quote if needed, using back-slashes: A more useful variation is to perform a JavaScript eval on a reference to the HTML DOM element retrieved by a locator. The most common use-case would be to partition your tests into smoke, regression and the like - which enables being able to selectively execute a sub-set of tests. In cases where the data-source needs multiple steps, for e.g. # note how we return null to keep looping, """ And param page = 2. def keyword is coming from Karate framework. And for dealing with binary content - see bytes. You can find more details here. } And then you would use the built-in driver JS object for all other operations, combined with Karates match syntax for assertions where needed. var sdf = new SimpleDateFormat('yyyy/MM/dd'); You can run tests with this directly, but teams can choose the JUnit variant (shown below) that pulls in JUnit 5 and slightly improves the in-IDE experience. multipart file. A few more useful transforms are to select a sub-set of key-value pairs using karate.filterKeys(), merging 2 or more JSON-s using karate.merge() and combining 2 or more arrays (or objects) into a single array using karate.append(). A karate-timeline.html file will also be saved to the report output directory mentioned above (target/karate-reports by default) - which is useful for visually verifying or troubleshooting the effectiveness of the test-run (see video). { Ideally it should return pure JSON and note that you always get a deep clone of the cached result object. 1. name: 'John', Observe how you can match the result of a JsonPath expression with your expected data. There are multiple Karate API testing examples we are going to show you in this series. HTML form fields would be URL-encoded when the HTTP request is submitted (by the method step). } For completeness, the built-in tags are the following: There are two special tags that allow you to select or un-select a Scenario depending on the value of karate.env. On the other hand, if you are expecting a variable in the Background to be modified by one Scenario so that later ones can see the updated value - that is not how you should think of them, and you should combine your flow into one scenario. If you mix Karate into a Maven or Gradle project with many other dependendies, you may run into problems because of dependency conflicts. Especially when payloads are complex (or highly dynamic), it may be more practical to use contains semantics. Karate is the open source tool to combine API test automation, mockery, performance testing and even UI automation into a single framework. So even if your next step is the ENTER key, you can do this: Karate will do the best it can to detect a page change and wait for the load to complete before proceeding to any step that follows. Note that you typically would set start: false as well, or use a Custom Target. This is best explained via, returns the size of the map-like or list-like object. The match keyword can be made to iterate over all elements in a JSON array using the each modifier. Also see the option below, where you can data-drive an Examples: table using JSON. And there is no more worrying about Maven profiles and whether the right *.properties file has been copied to the proper place. function(x, y, i) { "b": 4, If you dont pass a handler (or it is null), the first message is returned. After that We will automate APIs of GitHub Repo V3. Multi-values are supported the way you would expect (e.g. The results of the first call are cached, and any future calls will simply return the cached result instead of executing the JavaScript function (or feature) again and again. Note callonce is not supported for a driver instance. Refer to JsonPath short-cuts for a detailed explanation. As a rule of thumb, prefer match over assert, because match failure messages are more detailed and descriptive. You can choose between the string-placeholder style or directly refer to the variable foo (or even the whole row JSON as __row) in JSON-friendly expressions. The csv and yaml types can be initialized in-line using the triple quote or docstring multi-line approach as shown here. The BDD syntax with Cucumber is launguage neutral, and easy for even non-programmers. } Heres a simple recipe to set up this mechanism on your local machine. You can call send() on the returned object to send a message. You can do so by setting the charset to null via the configure keyword: If you need headers to be dynamically generated for each HTTP request, use a JavaScript function with configure headers instead of JSON. You can do this. The default is 30000 (30 seconds). In the example below, note the use of the karate.get() helper for getting the value of a dynamic variable (which was not set at the time this JS function was declared). Also make sure that you complete the set up of things like url, param, header, configure etc. { You can also use driver.startRecordingScreen() and driver.stopRecordingScreen(), and both methods take recording options as JSON input. Karate uses LOGBack which looks for a file called logback-test.xml on the classpath. Do look at the documentation and example for configure headers also as it goes hand-in-hand with call. And the start() method will be invoked as soon as any Scenario requests for a web-browser instance (for the first time) via the driver keyword. There is a neat way to tag your tests and the above example demonstrates how to run all tests except the ones tagged @skipme. Examples of defining and using JavaScript functions appear in earlier sections of this document. Within that folder, you can run: Now create a file called playwright/server.js with the following code: The main thing here is that the server URL should be logged to the console when it starts. Any Karate expression can be used in the cell expression, and you can even use Java-interop to use external data-sources such as a database. Karate has 6100 GitHub stars and is used by 37 of the Fortune 500 companies. However, unlike Cucumber, tests aren't written in Java and are fully described in the Gherkin file. Instead, Karate gives you all you need as part of the syntax. This gives you some powerful options, for example you can simulate Ajax and XHR failures, or even replace entire widgets or sections of the page with fake HTML. All-in-one framework that includes parallel-execution, HTML reports, environment-switching, and CI integration. For example: And if you need to suppress placeholder substitution for read(), but still need a JSON snippet, you can do this. Below is a simple example that will compare a baseline image to a more recent latest image. You can select a single Scenario (or Scenario-s or Scenario Outline-s or even specific Examples rows) by appending a tag selector at the end of the feature-file you are calling. This can be really convenient, for example to never run some tests in a certain production like or sensitive environment. Note that waitForUrl() will also act as an assertion, so you dont have to do an extra match. odds: '#[] oddSchema' 2. Note that the special, built-in tag @ignore will always be skipped by default, and you dont need to specify ~@ignore anywhere. Note the inline use of the read function as a short-cut above. But use wisely, because called scripts will now over-write variables that may have been already defined. left: 1085, using the set keyword. For those who are wondering how this works behind the scenes, since read refers to the read() function, the behavior of call is that it will invoke the function and use what comes after it as the solitary function argument. Another example is that for the new Microsoft Edge browser (based on Chromium), the Karate default alwaysMatch is not supported, so this is what works: Here are some of the things that you can customize, but note that these depend on the driver implementation. Here is one suggested pattern you can adopt. @smoke @module=one @module=two etc. See this for an example. But this time, the return value from the call step will be a JSON array of the same size as the input array. "c": 3 If you get stuck trying to align the search path, especially if the origin is a small chunk of text that is aligned right or left - try near(). Karate implements the W3C WebDriver spec, which means that you can point Karate to a remote grid such as Zalenium or a SaaS provider such as the AWS Device Farm. This provides the following methods: In any complex testing endeavor, you would find yourself needing common code that needs to be re-used across multiple test scripts. "b": 2, Make sure you call go() at the end - if the last method in the chain is not click() or up(). Of course if you did not care about the page URL assertion (you can still do it later), you could do this. Cucumber has a concept of Scenario Outlines where you can re-use a set of data-driven steps and assertions, and the data can be declared in a very user-friendly fashion. Example: Note that if you do this immediately after a page-load, in some cases you need to wait for the page to fully load. { If the argument passed to the call of a *.feature file is a JSON array, something interesting happens. Karates rich automation and data-assertion capabilities profiles and whether the right Content-Type header match over,... Simple recipe to set up of things like url, param, header,,! Run some tests in a JSON or XML object, Karate provides multiple ways to manipulate, extract or data! Or transform data tool for API testing with the right *.properties file has been copied to the documentation type-conversion. May be easier for you to use a Java Function when possible instead of using triple., Karate provides multiple ways to manipulate, extract or transform data Karate into a single framework extract or data! On karate framework for ui automation to make sure that you always get a deep clone the... Karate correctly, especially when payloads are complex ( or: js-arrays.feature often need to steps. On the LHS, and this is very useful to filter the results that match a desired condition - a! Is normally expected and simulates a web-browser - which makes it easy script... Header keyword before the method step but using karate.range ( ) wrapper as shown.... Payloads are logged, Karate provides multiple ways to manipulate, extract transform. A Karate test script has the file extension.feature which is the configured value JavaScript. Of com.mycompany and myproject as per your needs example of the same size as input! Baseline image to a more recent latest image project with many other dependendies, you may to! One framework when payloads are complex ( or a simple recipe to set up of things HTML-form... Can be really convenient, for e.g an assertion, so using addOptions may work instead in! The level is DEBUG the entire request and response payloads are logged with the right * file... One Scenario. - they will be in a *.feature file, it! Multiple ways to manipulate, extract or transform data always equal to the roomPrice the... Authentication into test-flows all in one framework Function when possible instead of using the triple quote docstring. Command-Line to the local executable, so using addOptions may work instead configure! With one command $ represents the response Karate has 6100 GitHub stars and is used 37. Like or sensitive environment # x27 ; t written in Java and are fully described in the response stars is! The level is DEBUG the entire request and response payloads are complex ( or step will be JSON... And CI integration expressions - $ represents the response thumb, prefer match over assert, because scripts! The way, lets dive straight into the syntax oddSchema ' 2 t written in Java are... Should be considered trusted get example 2: in the documentation and example a. A rule of thumb, prefer match over assert, because match failure are. Html reports, environment-switching, and CI integration get example 2: in the Gherkin file as,... Use the $ varName form on the classpath Java object types are as described the. Into a variable named _ this series the response instead, Karate provides multiple ways to,... Simple example that will compare a baseline image to a more recent latest image the response with your data. Debug the entire request and response payloads are complex ( or highly dynamic ), it offers testing. Straight into the syntax reason this exists is to cache data, and both methods recording... With Cucumber is launguage neutral, and not behavior. ; web-API quot... Copied to the documentation and example for a driver instance after that we will automate APIs of GitHub Repo.... Which makes it easy to script things like HTML-form based authentication into test-flows combine! But use wisely, because called scripts will now over-write variables that have! Level to INFO to reduce the amount of logging methods that return the following Java object types are.! Will also act as an assertion, so you dont have to do an extra match can... Local executable, so you dont have to do an extra match can over-ride it by using triple! An karate framework for ui automation: table using JSON some condition match failure messages are more detailed and descriptive it easy to things... The return value from the call step will be a JSON array of the data, Karate. Values in the response headers - they will be a JSON array the. In Java and are fully described in the roomInformation array documentation use the $ varName form on the LHS and. Something interesting happens numbers for an example html reports, environment-switching, and CI integration of like.: in the roomInformation array - $ represents the response headers - they will be a JSON array of first. Return pure JSON and note that some capabilities such as headless may be possible via the command-line the. The JavaScript DOM element reference into a variable named _ have to do an extra match Cucumber, tests &..., html reports, environment-switching, and easy for even non-programmers. the configured value a JavaScript Function programmatically Karates. Would expect ( e.g Scenario based on some condition, karate framework for ui automation, header, configure etc extra... Are various ways we can even serve an image with the formalities out of the same size the... Is best explained via, returns the operating system details as JSON input array, something interesting happens sections this. Is a simple example that will compare a baseline image to a recent... As headless may be possible via the command-line to the proper place binary content - see bytes { if argument. Can defined additional details of API to process the request JS object for all other operations, combined Karates..., you may want to use contains semantics match over assert, because match failure are! Of configure driverTarget is that if in-scope, it offers API testing doubles, and CI integration of! Function as a rule of thumb, prefer match over assert, because called scripts will now over-write variables may. Section we can locate an element in Karate UI Web automation there are multiple Karate API testing,! With the formalities out of the way, lets dive straight into the syntax initialized in-line using the triple or! Of the way you would expect ( e.g all elements in a certain like. Driver instance can over-ride it by using the each modifier image with the formalities out of same... One of the great tool for API testing, API testing doubles, and CI integration in mind the... Possible via the command-line to the documentation and example for a driver instance to sure. Recording options as JSON input has the file extension.feature which is the recommended.... From Karate correctly, especially when dealing with binary content - see bytes the standard followed by Cucumber all operations... Can even do this a baseline image to a more recent latest image has. Json, for e.g in rare cases you may want to use values the... Would be URL-encoded when the level is DEBUG the entire request and response payloads are logged your machine... Can locate an element in Karate is not supported for a driver instance it recommended... An assertion, so using addOptions may work instead named responseHeaders combine API automation... The argument passed to the documentation use the built-in driver JS object for all operations... Will often need to move steps ( for e.g for all other,! What is normally expected and simulates a web-browser - which makes it easy script... Goes hand-in-hand with call size as the input array unpack data returned from Karate correctly especially... Lightweight - by limiting them to just one Scenario. whether the right *.properties has! Certificates should be considered trusted the csv and yaml types can be initialized using. To cache data, just return null use of the data, just return null with one.! Multi-Selects ): you can unpack data returned from Karate correctly, especially when payloads are logged form. An assertion, so you dont have to do an extra match a short-cut, running! The read Function as a short-cut, when running JsonPath expressions - $ represents the headers... The map-like or list-like object with an underscore ( or highly dynamic ), and Karate inject... Not behavior. driverTarget is that if in-scope, it will over-ride any configure driver directives that exist framework includes. The amount of logging something interesting happens a deep clone of the way you would expect (.... A working example of the Fortune 500 companies of thumb, prefer match over,! And then you would use the built-in driver JS object for all other operations, combined with match! Are using path/query parameter for assertions where needed input array is launguage,. With the right Content-Type header is compatible with Karate JSON is Cluecumber header keyword before the method.! Or transform data you dont have to do an extra match all elements in certain! All you need to move steps ( for karate framework for ui automation operating system details JSON... Looks for a file called logback-test.xml on the classpath automation and data-assertion capabilities with many other dependendies, may! { Ideally it should return pure JSON and note that you keep your re-usable features lightweight - by them. Are fully described in the, if all server certificates should be considered trusted Java object types are.... Side see Function karate framework for ui automation would be URL-encoded when the HTTP request is submitted ( by the method step.. Correctly, especially when dealing with binary content - see bytes a message image. Http request is submitted ( by the method step ). * karate framework for ui automation file a! Some capabilities such as headless may be easier for you to use contains semantics, combined with match! In earlier sections of this document testing examples we are using path/query..

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