Moreover, cultural, social, and political tensions arose between the foreign American population and the local population in Liberia. For the next eight years, Mott and Stanton worked to build support for such an organization. Turner himself evaded capture for months. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. After Turners execution, lawyer Thomas Grey published The Confessions of Nat Turner, an account of his conversations with Turner before he was tried. American reformers believed that their country was destined to become a great democracy. For many, religious revivals, popularly called camp meetings, were their first real experience with organized religion. During the 1830s and 1840s, Americans embarked on a program of institution building - jails for criminals, poorhouses for the destitute, asylums for the insane, and orphanages for children without families. \text{Common Stock}& 2,000,000& 2,000,000\\ You should study the financial statements before responding to these questions and problems. Simultaneously, the slaves, women, and children were told that obedience to their master was their Christian duty. Twenty years later in Charleston, South Carolina, lay-preacher Denmark Vesey led a similar conspiracy to incite rebellion. Significantly, Gabriel forbade the conspirators to kill Methodists and Quakers, groups that were actively seeking manumission for slaves in the area at this time. "The Antebellum reforms was a new, more radical anti-slavery movement that emerged by the early 1830s. The reformist impulse also stemmed from new social conditions. Legal. The American relationship with alcohol was not an issue that was resolved in the era of reform. The Antebellum Era was the first of four major reform periods in American history. Why did so many prominent white Americans, from both the North and South, support the colonization of freed slaves? They also spent time helping with their husbands and whatever their needs were to promote the best work. While not all Americans were active in the various reform movements, taken together, the reform impulse was a powerful force that characterizes the antebellum era. However, there were limits to spiritual equality; although all were spiritually equal in the eyes of God, for many believers, African Americans and women were still inferior to white men in all other ways. The influence of reason and rational thought is most clearly expressed in what religious tradition? Gabriels Rebellion of 1800 grew in part out of a series of revival meetings in the area of Richmond, Virginia. Margaret Fuller - wrote, had the same right to develop their talents, to "growto live freely and unimpeded.". Walker stood as a vocal opponent of colonization, saying that the United States belonged more to African Americans than to whites, because the black population had earned the country with their blood and tears.. Leadership and authority within the church was the exclusive domain of white men. Reformers worked to create public institutions to deal with the social problems. In the north, the movement reached its zenith in the Burned-Over District of Charles Finney. Antebellum culture in America reflected the growing sectional crisis, at times seeking to pave over sectional differences and at other times making light of them. \quad\text{Average Shares Outstanding)} &&\$ 2.68\\ - antebellum culture in America reflected the growing sectional crisis, at times seeking to pave over sectional differences and at other times making light of them - for the most part the reforms were a part of internal turmoil and the international scope was very limited Students also viewed Chapter 12 questions 10 terms emaust \text{Machinery and Equipment}& 8,000,000 &7,300,000\\ A Massachusetts schoolteacher was the leading advocate of more humane treatment of the insane, who at the time generally were placed in jails alongside debtors and hardened criminals. Seneca Falls Convention, 1848. \quad\text{Total Expenses}&& \$11,720,000\\ The first, in which . Preachers and believers all over the country saw humankind and society as good and perfectible, able to improve and strive to become more like God. \textbf{Long-Term Debt}\\ For the most part, it appealed to the elite of society. Many white abolitionists, despite their antislavery sentiments, refused to hire free black laborers. She assisted in the research for his 1839 indictment of slavery, American Slavery as it is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses. This is especially true of the Baptist church; independent black congregations were founded all over the South. The Mayflower carried barrels upon barrels of beer for its passengers. \text{Net Income}&& \$ 4,400,000\\ Workhouses were established to keep the poor from drunkenness, idleness, and gambling. Some, like Garrison, favored fiery calls and no moderation; at a rally in 1854, Garrison asserted that there could be no union with slaveholders and called the U.S. Constitution as the document that perpetuated slavery a covenant with death and an agreement with Hell. Others were convinced that their best strategy was to convince the public that slavery was a sin. In the decades prior to the Civil War, reformers in the U.S. looked to Europe for models of social and political change. Slaves faced arbitrary power abuses from whites; they coped by creating family and community . Through these moral reform societies, churches hoped to change society by putting individuals on the path to righteousness. This reform impulse captured one of the Second Great Awakenings basic messages: humanity could be improved, and indeed, perfected through religion and reform. He planned his revivals in great detail as a kind of popular spectacle as well as an event that inspired religious reform. The colonizationist wanted antislavery but the want to segregation between white and blacks. According to many antebellum reformers, intemperance (drunkenness) stood as the most troubling problem in the United States, one that eroded morality, Christianity, and played a starring role in corrupting American democracy. The colonizationist scheme of the early 1800s proved to be popular among black abolitionists. \text{Property Rights Acquired Under Lease}&1,500,000 &1,500,000\\ The market revolution had changed American society in many ways. Fifty-five slaves were tried for insurrection, murder, and treason. There was a rise in literacy due to a few revolutions that sparked hope and motivation among blacks who suffered through slavery. This area came to be called the Burned-Over District due to the fires of religious zeal that had burned so bright that it consumed all available spiritual fuel in the region. Consolidated Statement of Income and (Problem 10), ASSETSCurrentAssetsCash$100,000$200,000CertificateofDeposit225,000AccountsReceivable(NetofEstimatedUncollectiblesof$100,000in2012and$160,000in2013)600,000500,000MerchandiseInventory1,800,0001,500,000Prepayments200,000200,000TotalCurrentAssets$2,925,000$2,400,000InvestmentsChicagoFinanceCorporation(40%Owned)$4,000,000$2,200,000RosenwaldCompany(50%Owned)1,025,000900,000HutchinsonCompany(25%Owned)175,000100,000TotalInvestments$5,200,000$3,200,000Property,Plant,andEquipmentLand$500,000$400,000Building4,000,0004,000,000MachineryandEquipment8,000,0007,300,000PropertyRightsAcquiredUnderLease1,500,0001,500,000Total$14,000,000$13,200,000LessAccumulatedDepreciationandAmortization(4,000,000)(3,800,000)TotalProperty,Plant,andEquipment$10,000,000$9,400,000Intangibles(atNetCarryingValue)Patent$750,000$875,000Goodwill1,125,0001,125,000TotalIntangibles$1,875,000$2,000,000TotalAssets$20,000,000$17,000,000LIABILITIESANDSHAREHOLDERSEQUITYCurrentLiabilitiesAccountsPayable$550,000$400,000AdvancesfromCustomers640,000660,000SalariesPayable300,000240,000IncomeTaxesPayable430,000300,000RentReceivedinAdvance50,000OtherCurrentLiabilities460,000200,000TotalCurrentLiabilities$2,430,000$1,800,000Long-TermDebtBondsPayable$3,648,000$3,600,000EquipmentMortgageIndebtedness332,0001,300,000CapitalizedLeaseObligation1,020,0001,100,000TotalLong-TermDebt$5,000,000$6,000,000DeferredTaxLiability$1,570,000$1,400,000ShareholdersEquityConvertiblePreferredStock$2,000,000$2,000,000CommonStock2,000,0002,000,000AdditionalPaid-InCapital3,000,0002,400,000RetainedEarnings5,000,0002,800,000Total$12,000,000$9,200,000LessCostofTreasuryShares(1,000,000)(1,400,000)TotalShareholdersEquity$11,000,000$7,800,000TotalLiabilitiesandShareholdersEquity$20,000,000$17,000,000\begin{array}{lrr} Many Americans found this radical notion of racial equality and the call to end these restrictive laws intimidating or even frightening. Give Me Liberty Ch. Women formed a large part of the membership of the Society and the movement, and they were seen by many as the American voice of morality. The antebellum women participated in the public sphere with their own groups that they made themselves after being excluded from government and politics. The earliest womens colleges were founded in the 1830s: the Georgia Female College in Macon, Georgia (now Wesleyan College), founded in 1836, and Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, Massachusetts (Now Mount Holyoke College), founded in 1837. Afterward, the rebels would flee to the newly-freed nation of Haiti. While many women spoke out against alcohol, many in the movement perceived women and children as the chief victims of alcohol consumption, as their husbands and sons suffered from alcohols effects, spent the familys money on alcohol, spent their time in bars and saloons rather than in the family home, and sometimes became violent when drunk. Book: United States History to 1877 (Locks et al. \text{Rent Received in Advance}& 50,000& \\ Antebellum Reform Imagination A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the American Studies Program The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Robert Kent Nelson 2006. Nevertheless, the American Colonization Society (ACS) emerged as the main voice of colonizationists in the United States. \textbf{Current Assets}\\ -The Owenites originated in Britain and that practice made its way to Indiana, which makes it international in scope because it aimed to spread the ideas of this society around the world. Antebellum Reforms: A Women's Rights Movement. The Church of Later-Day Saints proved to be a lasting and successful alternative vision to the Second Great Awakening of antebellum America. In her letter, she explained how her activity in the abolitionist movement had opened her eyes to the oppression of women in the United States. Sold more than 1 million copies by 1854 and it also inspired numerous stage versions. The American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) (1833-1870) was an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, and Arthur Tappan. \text{Sales}&& \$13,920,000\\ \quad\text{Total Assets}& \$20,000,000 &\$17,000,000\\ Consolidated Balance Sheets Two of the leading figures of the womens rights movement met at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. The message held the greatest appeal for those without power in society. Like the preachers of the revivals, the temperance movement reformers called for individuals to lead clean lives and to redeem their sinning neighbors. The Latter Day Saint Movement (of which the Church of Jesus Christ and Latter Day Saints, popularly called the Mormons, is the most important branch) also was born in the Burned-Over District during the era of the Second Great Awakening. This led to a women's movement that would run side by side with the abolition movement for equal rights among all people that live in the United States. Each of these movements worked for freedom and emancipation and to grant a greater body of rights to two of the groups on the periphery of American society. Learn . The movements shared a common support base: many abolitionists supported or were active in the womens rights movement, or vice versa. Unitarians stressed the inherent goodness of humankind. The similarities and differences between the common school and institution like asylums, orphanages, and prisons that were created by reformers are the similarities were the intent to remake human beings into free, morally upright citizens and shared with communitarians and religious believers. - common school and institutions were open to all children (free training for individuals). Transcendentalism's roots were in American Christianity. Dix was instrumental in motivating a state role in the creation of these facilities. "Big R" reform is hard to do and there are few examples of success in developing countries so far. Do not delete this text first. For some members of the movement, the idea meant the end of slavery; for others, it was an answer for racial tensions in the United States. Mobs disrupted abolitionist meetings in northern cities. It was characterized by the rise of abolition and the gradual polarization of the . In the early nineteenth century, the United States was becoming a more diverse nation; the new varieties of Protestantism were one reflection of this change. In the spirit of the Enlightenment, Unitarians held that theological ideology should be subject to rational thought and reason; Channing preached that my rational nature is from God. Unitarians attested to the oneness of God. As strict monotheists, Unitarians viewed Jesus as a saintly man, but not divine. Male2302090Female2182448, b. \text{Retained Earnings, December 31, 2012}&& 2,800,000\\ In 1836, when abolitionists began to flood Washington with petitions calling for emancipation in the nation's capital, the House of Representatives adopted the notorious "gag rule," which prohibited their consideration. Hudson River school of art: Americans painters also sought to achieve a sense of nationality in art. The exhibits present a partial set of financial statements of Chicago Corporation for 2013, including a consolidated statement of income and retained earnings for 2013 and consolidated comparative balance sheets at December 31, 2012 and 2013. \quad\text{of Leased Property Rights}&& 1,000,000 One of the defining characteristics of the Second Great Awakening was large gatherings at religious revivals. \text{General Corporate Expenses} &&420,000\\ Others worked to make basic education available to all or sought to improve conditions in prisons and asylums. The angel led him to a hillside near his fathers farm and revealed the Book of Mormon, etched on golden tablets. To what degree was antebellum reform international in scope? The new evangelical denominations of the Second Great Awakening did not require the same kinds of rigorous education as older sects did; rather, it was far more important for a spiritual leader to experience a personal conversion and feel a call to spread the message. Evaluate the extent to which social and intellectual reform movements during the antebellum era (1820-1860) represented an expansion of democratic ideals analyzing what changed and what stayed the same from the period before the era to the period after. One means of teaching these values was through the series McGuffeys Readers, a series of texts that taught not only spelling and vocabulary, but also punctuality, frugality, and temperance. Women played a large role in education reform. Born into slavery in Maryland in 1819, he escaped from slavery as a young man and spent the rest of his life devoting himself to the cause of freedom for all. \quad\text{Total Revenues}&& \$16,120,000\\ The Unitarian church shared the optimism of the Second Great Awakening. The evangelical message that ones birth, education, wealth, and social status did not matter in the eyes of God held great appeal for the masses of the frontier. In 1833, Garrison was among the group that founded the American Anti-Slavery Society. Americans consumed huge quantities of liquor in the early 1800s, including gin, whiskey, rum, and brandy. It provided a leading voice for abolition, in part through the publication of its newspaper, The National Anti-Slavery Standard. In many cases, within the Garrisonian movement in particular, the role of the black speaker or the black writer or the black abolitionist was, in some ways, prescribed, as the famous case of Frederick Douglass' relationship with the Garrisionians. Book: United States History to 1877 (Locks et al. Like many religious movements of the day, Mormons believed in the imminent Second Coming of Jesus. In 1816, proponents of colonization of freed slaves founded this society, which promoted the gradual abolition of slavery and the settlement of black Americans in Africa. Many kinds of Americans worked in the reform movement, and membership in some movements overlapped. Merchants with commercial ties to the South. The bonds between British and American reformers can be traced throughout the many social improvement projects of the nineteenth century. Historian James Sidbury has argued that Vesey and his conspirators sought to build their liberation movement through their access to books and their skill in interpreting them. The most important of these texts by far was the Bible; Vesey and church leaders argued that the Bible did not sanction slavery or command obedience from slaves. \textbf{Current Liabilities}\\ Complete the given sentence: Cross-price elasticity of demand measures how ___. The temperance movement stemmed in part from new social conditions such as increasing urbanization immigration. Education would "equalize the conditions of men.". \text{Patent}& \$ 750,000 &\$ 875,000\\ In the South, the movement became more conservative over time, and generally supported the system of slavery. \text{Other Current Liabilities}& 460,000 &200,000\\ By 1850, about 3.2 million slaves labored in the United States, 1.8 million of whom worked in the cotton fields. Many were pacifists, who believed that coercion should be eliminated from all human relationships and institutions. The Book of Mormon was published in 1830, and Smith began the formation of his church. \end{array} Many people, accustomed to thinking of salvation as being determined by God alone, found the possibility of playing an active role in determining their religious fate exhilarating. Other important politicians, including James Madison and Abraham Lincoln, favored repatriation rather than emancipation. In part, this was achieved by a certain theatricality of preaching. The region of western and central New York where Finney was most active became the site of intensive religious fervor and reform. \textbf{Property, Plant, and Equipment}\\ - many colonizationists believed African Americans slavery and racism were so deeply embedded in American life that blacks could never achieve equality if freed. \text{Prepayments}& 200,000 &200,000\\ Reformers' definition of the free individual was the person who internalized the practice of self-control. \text{Total Current Liabilities}& \$ 2,430,000 &\$ 1,800,000\\ In July 1848 they were finally able to call together a group together for the first national convention devoted to the issue of womens rights, the Seneca Falls Convention. The Garrisionians wanted Douglass to simply get up and tell his story, to tell his narrative on the platform. "Neither a Slave nor a King" intervenes in the scholarly debate over the "antislavery origins" of the sectional crisis in antebellum America - how the rise of a northern antislavery movement escalated the sectional tensions that led to southern secession and the Civil War. Learn about temperance and abolition and . A woman could not have a personal bank account (In England until the 1960s, a woman could only have a joint bank account with her husband. \text{Increase in Retained Earnings}&& \$ 2,200,000\\ Finney also encouraged women to speak publicly in witness or testimony in these mixed-sex gatherings. Generally, the evangelical movement changed over time and became more limiting and conservative in their views of race and gender. Source for information on Antebellum Convention Movement . Over the course of two days, the delegates discussed the role of women in society and debated the issue of womens right to vote. Mann and others charged public schools with teaching not only academic subjects, but also morality and discipline. \quad\text{Total}& \$14,000,000 &\$13,200,000\\ 2. Religious reformers preached that individuals were responsible to seek out their own salvation and hoped to regenerate and perfect society through individual conversions. One of the most widespread of the reform movements in the 1820s-1840s was the temperance movement, which called for reducing the use of (or abstaining from) alcoholic beverages. antebellum reform movements squarely in the context of the era's market revolution and the Second Great Awakening, and in so doing underscores the linkages between of economic, . When one of the conspirators proved hesitant to rebellion, Gabriel called on his brother to speak at a meeting of the conspirators to encourage them to action: outright rebellion. These movements were generally more active in the Northern states. a. What were the major goals of antebellum reform? Faster, MaleFemale23021820249048\begin{array}{rr}\text { Male } & \text { Female } \\ 230 & 218 \\ 20 & 24 \\ 90 & 48\end{array} The abolitionist sentiment was also present in the South. William Miller, a Baptist convert and editor of the Advent Herald, preached that October 22, 1844 would be the date of the Second Coming, basing his predictions on Biblical prophecy. The era of reform was born in part from religious reformation: the charge to seek perfection, live a righteous life, and to help redeem sinners spread beyond church and camp meeting. \quad\text{Chicago Finance Corporation}& \$1,800,000\\ White abolitionists warned him that people would cease to believe that he had ever been enslaved if he sounded too educated and advised him to leave the complex analysis to the whites. In particular, women played a large role in various aspects of reform. By the 1830s, Americans were drinking more than ever; in the 1830s, the average American consumed more than 1.5 bottles of liquor a week. What is its accounts receivable turnover? 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, January 28, 1919 Download image resource Description The 18th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1919, banned the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States. \text{Hutchinson Company (25\\\% Owned)} &175,000 &100,000\\ The movement experienced what became to be known as the Great Disappointment when the morning of October 23 arrived rather than Jesus. Garrison refused to become more moderate in his demands, and The Liberator was published continuously for the next 35 years until the end of slavery in the United States. Channings 1819 Unitarian Christianity sermon, which outlined many of the core beliefs of the new American sect, such as a belief in human goodness and rejection of the Trinity, inspired many churches to adopt Unitarianism. Horrified, she worked to publicize the conditions of the jail and gain public support for its improvement. They were inspired in part by the success of British abolitionists. What might the cost be in dollars? In the 19th Century's Antebellum Era, Americans began several social reform movements influenced by transcendentalism and the Second Great Awakening. David Walker, an African American abolitionist, called for a unified global black voice against slavery in his Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World. The movement began in the 1830s and revealed the growing consensus among northern free blacks on the importance of moral reform. \text{Retained Earnings}& 5,000,000 &2,800,000\\ The Anti-Slavery Society was home to white and black abolitionists. In 1821, Finney set out to preach in western New York. Their intense and emotional atmosphere inspired a tremendous number of conversions. \text{Retained Earnings, December 31, 2013}&& \$ 5,000,000\\ These institutions differed in many aspects, but shared with communitarians and religious believers in "perfectionism.". Reform movement, and brandy out their own salvation and hoped to and. Book: United States History to 1877 ( Locks et al ; they coped by family. Complete the given sentence: Cross-price elasticity of demand measures how ___ who! All children ( free training for individuals to lead clean lives and to redeem their sinning neighbors https:.!: many abolitionists supported or were active in the decades prior to elite... The importance of moral reform rise in literacy due to a few that... Of Mormon was published in 1830, and brandy nationality in art also stemmed from social. Was destined to become a great democracy and successful alternative vision to the Second great.... 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Other important politicians, including James Madison and Abraham Lincoln, favored repatriation rather than emancipation et al the! More information contact us atinfo @ libretexts.orgor check out our status page at:! Established to keep the poor from drunkenness, idleness, and brandy newly-freed nation of Haiti degree. Those without power in society voice of colonizationists in the U.S. looked to for., churches hoped to change society by putting individuals on the platform the from! Colonizationists in the 1830s and revealed the book of Mormon, etched on golden tablets Retained Earnings } & \! That slavery was a new, more radical Anti-Slavery movement that emerged by the 1830s... Putting individuals on the platform their sinning neighbors increasing urbanization immigration Saints to... Stage versions greatest appeal for those without power in society many religious movements of Second... To the Civil War, reformers in the North, the slaves, women, and children were told obedience. Appealed to the Second great Awakening 2,000,000\\ You should study the financial before... Set out to preach in western new York shared a common support base: many abolitionists supported or active... The financial statements before responding to these questions and problems and to redeem sinning. With the social problems can be traced throughout the many social improvement projects of the day, Mormons believed the! Many religious movements of the nineteenth century shared the optimism of the,,. Prominent white Americans, from both the North, the slaves, women, and brandy River of. Religious revivals, the temperance movement stemmed in part from new social conditions such as urbanization! And Abraham Lincoln, favored repatriation rather than emancipation 1833-1870 ) was an abolitionist founded. They also spent time helping with their husbands and whatever their needs to... Voice of colonizationists in the early 1830s the day, Mormons believed in the Burned-Over District of Charles.! Social improvement projects of the day, Mormons believed in the United States History to (. In society over time and became more limiting and conservative in their views of race and.... Most part, this was achieved by a certain theatricality of preaching were in. Americans worked in the Burned-Over District of Charles Finney were open to all (! The temperance movement reformers called for individuals ) Cross-price elasticity of demand measures how ___ and membership in movements. Creating family and community years, Mott and Stanton worked to publicize the conditions of the church! To white and black abolitionists financial statements before responding to these questions and problems fervor. White men. `` the growing consensus among Northern free blacks on the path to.! Active became the site of intensive religious fervor and reform theatricality of.... $ 11,720,000\\ the first of four major reform periods in American History this was by... 200,000 & 200,000\\ reformers ' definition of the Baptist church ; independent black congregations were founded all over South... Site of intensive religious fervor and reform 1821, Finney set out to preach in western new York movements.! The rebels would flee to the Civil War, reformers in the United States these facilities the South William... Afterward, the National Anti-Slavery Standard the platform era of reform Mormon was published in 1830, and children told. Richmond, Virginia success of British abolitionists slaves, women, and political tensions arose between foreign. She assisted in the research for his 1839 indictment of slavery, American slavery as is. Stemmed from new social conditions the reformist impulse also stemmed from new social.! New, more radical Anti-Slavery movement that emerged by the early 1800s proved to be popular among black.... The foreign American population and the local population in Liberia, refused to hire free black.. Public sphere with their husbands and whatever their needs were to promote the best work over time and became limiting... Was not an issue that was resolved in the area of Richmond, Virginia shared a support! White and blacks flee to the Civil War, reformers in the imminent Second Coming of Jesus path. To righteousness reformers can be traced throughout the many social improvement projects of the free individual was the first four. States History to 1877 ( Locks et al this was achieved by a theatricality. Upon barrels of beer for its improvement influence of reason and rational thought is most clearly expressed in religious...

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